tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-77964574206395269762024-03-26T23:38:27.123-07:00NEPALprabinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12815453291932022109noreply@blogger.comBlogger74125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7796457420639526976.post-62357965779048775302010-05-23T08:11:00.000-07:002010-05-27T08:27:22.962-07:00BIO-DIVERSITY IN NEPAL<span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:130%;" >Concept of Bio-diversity</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">There are millions of living beings including plants, animals, birds and micro level organisms on the earth. There are differences and diversities among them. These diversities and differences in ecosystem refer to bio-diversity. This is the bio-diversity of heredity and specie. Bio-diversity brings differences in the ecosystem where organism and gene play an important role. Bio-diversity of an area refers to existing organism, gene, animals, and ecosystem per unit of land. In totality, bio-diversity refers to the existing number of living organisms and their diversity.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">Bio-diversity can be classified into three groups – species, ecosystem and genes. Man, elephant, birds, maize, wheat, pluses, potatoes, and plants are included within species. The species of organism and virus are also included in them. This is the numerical counting of species. Ecosystem is a habitat for the living beings. The structure of ecosystem causes bio-diversity. Even living beings have their own heredity qualities. The people of the Himalayas have the hereditary quality to tolerate severe cold whereas those of the region can tolerate hot temperature.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">Bio-diversity differs according to the geographical regions. Therefore, there are diversities in living things. Some living beings found on land, some in the water and the other in the atmosphere. Similarly, some plants are found in lithosphere whereas the others found in hydrosphere. Some plants are floating on the water while others live under it. Bio-diversity and conservation have been maintained because living beings can adjust themselves according to geographical conditions. The living beings within bio-diversity exists in association with special relationship among them. If one species in destroyed or disturbed, the whole system of living things will be affected. The negative effects on their system of living beings will disturb the whole ecosystem. For example, the forested area of any place is destroyed, the system, the vegetation, wild life and other living beings will be negatively affected. It will be difficult for them to live in their area.</span><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:130%;" >1. Diversity of Ecosystem<br /></span><span style="font-size:100%;">Various types of land and water ecosystems and found according to geographical region. There are different types of ecosystems in Nepal according to geographical features. Nepal is divided into the Himal, the Hills, and the Terai. The Himalayan range is extended northern part. Mount Everest. The highest peak is also located in it. The mid hilly region is located between the Himalayan region in the north and the terai in the south. About half of the country’s land is represented by the hilly region. The region comprise of hills hillock and tar. The lowland is located in southern part. The region is extended from Mechi in the east to Mahakali to the west. The climate differs in each of geographical region. Therefore, there is a diversity in the land and water ecosystem of Nepal due to her physiography and climate. Various types of world ecosystem expect those of the oceans and desert are found in Nepal. Ecosystem differs from the one geographical region to another depending on relief features, soil, slope of the land and steepness, face and altitude. This difference has created a great diversity in the ecosystem of each geographical region. Due to the diversity of ecosystem, there are great differences in vegetation and animals of Nepal.</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">There are glacial lakes in the Himalayan region. In the same way, lakes, ponds, and cool places are located in various places of the hilly region. Similarly, there are wet lands and small ponds along the sides of the stream and rivers flowing through the Hills and the Terai regions. There are big and small ecosystems in each of the regions of Nepal. The wet land ecosystem is regarded important for the growth and conservation of bio-diversity. A variation appears in vegetation and animals due to the physiography and chemical properties of water in various ecosystems.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:130%;" >2. Species Diversity<br /><br /></span> Nepal shares about 0.1 percent of the land in the earth. The 71 percent area covered by water is not included in it. If it is included the proportion becomes 0.03 percent. Species diversity has topography starting from one of the lowest to the highest Himalayan peaks of the world. Species diversity has created differences in the ecosystem of each geographical region. Especially, the Hill ecosystem has much diversity. Species diversity has created suitable habitat for different types of species. In this context, Nepal is a rich country from the viewpoint of species diversity. Nepal is famous in bio-diversity in the world.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">a. Status of species</span><br />In the year 1995, Bio-diversity Project Profile had published the statistics on vegetation, animals, and birds of Nepal. The statistics of the diversity of species stated by it are presented in the table below.<br /> <span style="font-style: italic;">Diversity of Species in Nepal </span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:130%;" ><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqPqL9v2Oop2OHavE8WJHPRVdL6y6fv4NIN-ANsSARiaJJ8Eu90qNvUJmCGo8bjN0ihtlCK96Xf7wgmil_U2DCjZ-0R70bjNvSbiiCBcCAYkgNdhaWHlLbQ2LyyFIPwjzMEK9lrQf6rx4/s1600/Diversity+of+Species+in+Nepal.JPG"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 405px; height: 255px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqPqL9v2Oop2OHavE8WJHPRVdL6y6fv4NIN-ANsSARiaJJ8Eu90qNvUJmCGo8bjN0ihtlCK96Xf7wgmil_U2DCjZ-0R70bjNvSbiiCBcCAYkgNdhaWHlLbQ2LyyFIPwjzMEK9lrQf6rx4/s320/Diversity+of+Species+in+Nepal.JPG" alt="Diversity of Species in Nepal" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5475969037709122562" border="0" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /><br />Based on the above statistics of vegetation and wild lives, bio-diversity has a great importance in Nepal. About 2.2 percent of the worlds vegetation is available in Nepal.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">b. Status of Plants Diversity</span><br />In 1997 A.D, The Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation has published the statistics on the plant species. According to this, the status of vegetation by comparing the statistics of algae, fungi, bryophytes and pteridophytes of species in the world. Comparing with the global scenario, algae (1.72 percent), fungi (2.38 percent), lichen (2.07 percent), bryophytes (6.09 percent), ptridophytes (3.19 percent), flowing plants (2.07 percent) are available in Nepal.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">c. Comparative Situation of Animals and Birds</span><br />The diversity of living beings available in Nepal is compared to that of the world. The essential data and facts are in table below.<br /> <span style="font-style: italic;">Diversity of animals and birds in Nepal.</span><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:130%;" ><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3SXPhNMizRQnTma_-JaWHq2Jpus9jdDH7KNJ0yiEaMx8CtcOtWj1feZBd5XPkNH0511pYL4vnoIMdnHanCk0OSp5Gs4bQtl3I8ssG5CcR88F1I0r7NJV2fDIFcympi0zQutGMVnCBxIU/s1600/Diversity+of+animals+and+birds+in+Nepal.JPG"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 386px; height: 300px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3SXPhNMizRQnTma_-JaWHq2Jpus9jdDH7KNJ0yiEaMx8CtcOtWj1feZBd5XPkNH0511pYL4vnoIMdnHanCk0OSp5Gs4bQtl3I8ssG5CcR88F1I0r7NJV2fDIFcympi0zQutGMVnCBxIU/s320/Diversity+of+animals+and+birds+in+Nepal.JPG" alt="Diversity of animals and birds in Nepal" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5475970585246006114" border="0" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-style: italic;">Source: Bio-diversity Project Profile, 1995.</span><br /><br />Nepal is rich in animals, bird and insects. Of the world bio-diversity of species Nepal represents 0.01 percent insects, 4.2 percent butterflies, 2.2 percent fish, 1.1 percent amphibians, 1.5 percent reptiles, 8.5 percent birds and 4.2 percent mammals respectively.<br /><br /><span style="font-size:130%;"><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">IMPORTANT OF BIO-DIVERSITY</span></span><br /><br />Bio-diversity has a significant important. Man’s development and bio-diversity are interrelated to each other. Bio-diversity important is closely associated with man’s food, housing, life styles, social activities and economic aspects. Thus, bio-diversity can also be regarded as the various sources of goods necessary for human beings. Bio-diversity importance has been explained below.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">a. Agricultural Production</span><br />Agricultural products such as rice, maize, wheat, green vegetables and fruits are the basic sources of food for human beings. Their source is agriculture is biodiversity. Plants are crops of various species such as rice, maize, fruits and green vegetables are found in Nepal. Such crops and plants were found in the forest in the beginning but human beings started to cultivate them as useful plant. They selected good seeds and their plants. Such activities resulted in development of crops and plants. These are the major sources of food for human beings.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">b. Animal Production</span><br />The sources of production required for human beings such as milk, curd, ghee, meat and fish are available for the bio-diversity. Similarly, horses and camel are used to transport goods from one place to another. Dogs are kept for security of houses. Various raw materials such as bones, hair, wool and leather are available for the animals. People make clothes, cosmetic goods and other by using them. The raw materials essential for medicines and also available from animals, birds and plants. Such goods can be produced and distributed. These are the sources of the income.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">c. Plant Production</span><br />Roots and fruits are also available from plants. These are the sources of raw materials for the timber industries. herbs, clothes, medicines, colors and paper.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">d. Improvement in breed</span><br />People keep animals and birds for their uses. These also plant various types of vegetation. The production capacity of local species and immunity against disease can be improved through their use. Therefore, bio-diversity helps to improve the existing living beings of various places. Wild species can be used to breed the domestic animals and birds. Important plants should be identified through studies and research works and be preserved.<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">e. Soil Conservation</span><br />Various plants appear in different places. Large and small plants keep the particles of soil by pressing them. They protect soil erosion. Therefore, the physical condition of a place is distributed if the plants and the grasses are destroyed. The structure of land becomes weak and soil erosion and landslide can occur. Thus, bio-diversity helps to preserve land, soil and physical feature.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">f. Watershed Conservation</span><br />The vegetation such as plants and grasslands help to conserve sources of water and watershed. The area of green belts is less evaporated and the water is collected in the land. Bio-diversity and sources of water and watershed areas are related to each other. One cannot exist in the absence of other. For examples, if sources of water are dry, there will be a loss in bio-diversity. Thus, biodiversity plays a significant role in the conservation and promotion of watershed areas.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">g. Natural Beauty and Scenes</span><br />Bio-diversity makes environment and nature beautiful. Natural environment is created by plants, animals and birds, their size and types, colour, adaptation and responses. The habitat of animals and birds in the forest, their sound/noise and responses and life styles maintain natural beauty. Such beauty provides entertainment to men. There are a number of such places in the Himalayan, Hilly and the Terai regions of Nepal.<br /><br /><br /></span></div>prabinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12815453291932022109noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7796457420639526976.post-44517717402518216062010-05-06T07:33:00.000-07:002010-05-06T07:35:37.637-07:00SOCIAL TRADITIONS OF NEPAL<span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">The geographical diversity with different climatic conditions and difficult transport and communication have resulted in the social and cultural diversity. The geography of a country has a big hand in developing diverse communities, castes, ethnic groups having different customs, traditions and beliefs.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">People of different races, castes, ethnic groups and communities such as Brahman, Chhetri, Magar, Newar, Rai, Limbu, Gurung, Tharu, Tamang, Sherpa, Thakali, Yadav, Rajbanshi, Dhimal and Muslim live in different parts of the country. Unity in diversity is another specially of the Nepalese culture and tradition. People of different ethnic groups have there own cultures, mother tongue, festivals, songs, dances, dresses, customs, rites and rituals.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">Through there is diversity in culture, there is unity in traditions, social values and norms. For example, we (Nepali people) all share the common tradition of respecting the seniors, loving the juniors. We regard parents and teachers as God. We all welcome our guests. We respect all the religions equality. We are always ready to help each other when needed. Above all, we love our nation and nationhood. </span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">Nepal is divided into three geographically regions.</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">a) Mountains Regions.</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">b) Hill Region and</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">c) Terai Region.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">Different communities and ethnic groups having different language, religions, customs and traditions are living together. All these people share the common characteristics of love, peace and feeling of brotherhood and cooperation.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">Here is a brief description of the social, religion and traditions of each geographical region.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:100%;" >Mountain region</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">People: Bhote, Sherpa, Thakali, Tamang, Gurung etc.</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">Occupation: Animal husbandly and dairy farming.</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">Food: Dhindo, Rice, Bread, Potato, Meat.</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">Dress: Bakkhu and Docha.</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">Religion: Buddhism.</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">Festival: Lhosar.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:100%;" >Hill region</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">People: Brahmin, Chhetri, Newar, Rai, Limbu, Magar, Tamang.</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">Occupation: Agricultural and horticulture.</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">Food: Rice, Bread, Meat, Egg, Milk products. </span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">Dress: Daura-Suruwal, coat and topi, Bhoto-kachhad and Patuka for men, Cholo-Fariya majetro for women.</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">Religion: Hinduism and Buddhism. </span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">Festival: Janai Purnima, Dashain, Tihar, Shiva-ratri etc.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:100%;" >Terai Region</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">People: Tharu, Danuwar, Sunuwar, Dhimal, Rajpur, Sattar etc.</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">Occupation: Agriculture, Industry, Trade and Business</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">Food: Bread, Rice, Milk products</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">Dress: Dhoti-Kurta, Kamiz, Lungi, for men. Sari, Blouse for women. </span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">Religion: Hinduism and Islam</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">Festival: Chhath, Raksha Bandhan, Holi, Diwali for Hindus. Id, Bakhrid, Muharram for Muslim.</span><br /><br /></div>prabinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12815453291932022109noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7796457420639526976.post-55323509560855993492010-05-06T07:26:00.000-07:002010-05-06T07:31:14.544-07:00RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF CHILDREN<span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Children should grow and develop all round–physically, mentally, emotionally and socially. For this, proper care and facilities should be provided to them. Children need food, clothing, shelter, health facilities, education, protection, entertainment and above all, freedom. All children have a claim for these things in a society. These are the basic rights of children. </span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">Children can demand these things from their parents and elders. Most of the children are not aware of their rights. Hence, it is the responsibility of the adults to make them aware of their rights.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">Children are tender are small. Children are dependent on the elders. The future of every child depends on the care, facilities and opportunities they get during their childhood. Therefore, if children do not get what they need, they cannot grow up to become worthy citizens of the country. In order to grow up properly, some basic needs are to be fulfilled as their right.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:100%;" >Some Right of Children</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">All the Children have the following rights:</span><br /><ul><li><span style="font-size:100%;">Right to food.</span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;">Right to clothing.</span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;">Right to shelter.</span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;">Right to education.</span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;">Right to entertainment.</span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;">Right to good health and proper nourishment.</span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;">Right to name and country.</span></li></ul><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">These are some of the rights. All these rights are called rights. It does not matter weather a child in rich or poor, has parents or in an orphan, is strong or weak, sick or healthy, all have the same rights.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:100%;" >Protection of Child Rights</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">An international conference held under the supervision of UNO in 1989 AD, concerning the child rights, passed the resolution to protect child rights. Nepal also signed the charter of the convection. The conference advocated the rights of children to name, to a country along with care from family, to good and health and proper nourishment. All these right are in fact, the basic necessities for survival. The conference also believed in a child right to lead his/her life as he/she wishes, getting an education, participating in sports and entertainment, etc. Children have the right to express their thoughts freely and independently.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">It is the duty of every country to protect the rights of its children. Keeping this in mind, Nepal too passed a Bill on child rights in 2049 BS. There are some provisions in constitution regarding the child right, such as:</span><br /><ul><li><span style="font-size:100%;">Provision of free education for all the children.</span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;">Special arrangements for the protection and promotion of children by the state.</span></li></ul><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">There are many other agencies which are working for the protection of child rights. These organizations can be approached for help. For example, Nepal Children’s Organization helps the poor and orphans by providing food, shelter, education and health facilities. UNICEF is playing an important role in spreading awareness about the child rights. Similarly, ILO is working to abolish child labour.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:100%;" >Duties of Children</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">While children have rights, they also have certain duties to perform. Some of their duties are:</span><br /><ul><li><span style="font-size:100%;">Respect their parents, teachers, elders and love youngsters.</span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;">Pay attention to personal hygiene.</span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;">Help people in need.</span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;">Sharing things with others.</span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;">Use polite language.</span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;">Study, play, eat and sleep at proper time.</span></li></ul><br /></div>prabinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12815453291932022109noreply@blogger.com9tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7796457420639526976.post-70534763594480533102010-05-06T07:24:00.000-07:002010-05-06T07:25:33.856-07:00ROLE OF INDUSTIES IN THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT<span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">The industry which needs small amount of investment, small space to run and small number of labours is called the cottage (small scale) industry, or according to the definition of Industrial Enterprises Act, 2054 (emended), “the industries having a maximum of 30 million rupees of fixed deposit called small scale industries”. Such an industry mainly provides the employment opportunity to the people of the rural areas. It ensures use of leisure time, utilization of raw materials, utilization of labour and still and provides employment opportunity. Thus, it helps the economic progress. The industries which need large investment, skilled and semi-skilled human power and use of machine and tools and yield large scale production are called medium and large scale industries. According to Industrial Enterprises Act (amended), Industries having thirty million to one hundred million rupees as fixed capital are called medium scale-industries”. The role of medium and large scale industries is significant in bringing remarkable change for the economic progress of the country. Such industries produce goods needed for the nation. These productions fulfill the need of the nation. As a result, we don’t need to import goods from aboard. This types of arrangement saves currency. The saving can be used for industries and other sectors. Such industries help the development of agricultural sector. Similarly, they create employment opportunities, increase exports and mobilize resources and means. Therefore, medium and large scale industries have significantly contribution to the economic progress of a country.<br /><br /></span></div>prabinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12815453291932022109noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7796457420639526976.post-39560771328417020182010-05-04T05:09:00.000-07:002010-05-06T07:22:36.120-07:00INDUSTRIES AND ECONOMIC ACHIEVEMENT<span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">This is the age of industrialization. Only the development of industries can bring about changes in economic status of any country. There are some countries in the world showing quick pace of development. Those counties are called ‘Developed Countries’, like the USA, Japan, France, Germany, etc. All these counties are categorized as industrial countries.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">Countries whose economy is based upon agriculture are called developing countries like the countries of Asia and Africa. Therefore, the measuring rod of the economic achievements of a country is its industries.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">Nepal is predominantly an agricultural country and the development of industry is absolutely essential for its economic achievement. Thus, industry is next to agriculture which can contribute to making the economy strong and powerful.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:100%;" >The advantages of industries are as follows:</span><br /></div><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li><span style="font-size:100%;">Proper use of the country’s means and resources.</span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;">Creates job opportunities.</span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;">Maximum production will enhance export and reduce import.</span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;">Helps to earn foreign currencies.</span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;">Development of infrastructure.</span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;">Increase in per capita income and bring improvement in the standard of living.</span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;">Helps to support the development of agricultural sector.</span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;">Country will become self-dependent.</span></li></ul><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">In recent years, several industries have been established at different places, but, have not developed well due to various problems. The problems are as follows:</span><br /><ul><li><span style="font-size:100%;">Lack of sufficient raw materials.</span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;">Lack of appropriate industrial policy.</span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;">Lack of capital.</span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;">Lack of skilled human resources.</span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;">Lack of market.</span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;">Lack of better means of transport and communication.</span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;">Lack of proper machinery and tools.</span></li></ul><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:100%;" >Solutions to the problems faced by industries:</span><br /><ul><li><span style="font-size:100%;">Provision of market.</span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;">Availability of raw materials.</span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;">Availability of skilled manpower.</span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;">Preparation of appropriate industrial policy.</span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;">Provision of capital.</span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;">Facility of transport and communication.</span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;">Provision of storage.</span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;">Political stability and good governance.</span></li></ul><br /></div>prabinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12815453291932022109noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7796457420639526976.post-89809474844464043772010-05-04T05:04:00.000-07:002010-05-04T05:07:00.287-07:00RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AGRICULTURE AND INDUSTRY<span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Many industries running in Nepal are based on agriculture. Such industries are dependent on the raw materials that come from agriculture sector. The examples are sugar industry from sugarcane, jute industry from jute, cotton factory from cotton, leather industry from animal skin, tea factory from tea leaves, etc. To run these industries, raw materials are made available from the agriculture sector.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">Agriculture tools like spade, plough, etc are produced in the industries. Increased production in agriculture is made possible by the use of these tools. Other items including chemical fertilizers and insecticides are made available by industries. We can have increased agriculture production through appropriate use of agriculture tools, chemical fertilizers and insecticides. Similarly generator needed for irrigation is produced and supplied by industry. Therefore, there is mutual relationship between agriculture and industry. Agriculture and industry can be promoted through mutual relationship between these two. More than 80% of the people of Nepal are involved in agriculture. Over 50% of the national income and over 40% of national production comprise agriculture. So, it is necessary to develop more and more agro-based industries in Nepal. Agro-based industries utilize the raw materials available from agriculture like tea leaves, sugarcane, cotton, oil seeds, milk, etc. There are many such industries in Nepal. Agriculture and industries are like two sides of a coin. They are inter-dependent.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">Agriculture provides agricultural raw materials to the industries and industries produce manufactured or finished products from those raw materials. Thus, we have seen that without agricultural raw materials, agro-based industries cannot run. The development of agro-based industries depends upon the availability of agricultural raw materials. The quality and quantity of agricultural raw materials also depend upon industries. In other words, agriculture also depends upon industry.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">The development of agriculture depends upon industry because:</span><br /></div><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li><span style="font-size:100%;">Industry produces agriculture tools plough, spade, thrasher, hoe, etc which help to make agricultural work and production more efficient and productive.</span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;">Chemical fertilizers, insecticides, pesticides for agriculture are produced by industries. They protect the crops from diseases and help to grow in a better way.</span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;">Industry provides generators needed for irrigation in many of the places of Nepal.</span></li></ul><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">Thus, there is a mutual relationship between agriculture and industry. In the absence of industry, agricultural production goes down and without agricultural production agro-based industry will have no meaning. One fulfils the needs and the other fulfils the demands of a nation. This harmony is the key to rapid economic development of Nepal.</span><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /></div>prabinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12815453291932022109noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7796457420639526976.post-57555738801860112422010-05-02T00:42:00.001-07:002010-05-02T01:14:26.238-07:00GLIMPSE OF NEPAL<ol style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><li><span style="font-size:100%;">COUNTRY NAME ---------------------- : Nepal</span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;">CAPITAL ------------------------------- : Kathmandu</span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;">REGIONAL HEADQUARTER ----: Dhankuta, Kathmandu, Pokhara, Birendranagar and Dipayal</span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;">AREA ----------------------------------- : 1,47,181 sq. km.</span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;">POPULATION ----------------------- : 23,151,423 (2001)</span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;">MALE --------------------------------- : 11,563,921</span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;">FAMALE ------------------------------ : 11,587,502</span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;">MAJOR CITIES -------------------- : Kathmandu, Pokhara, Biratnagar, Birgunj</span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;">PER CAPITA (GNP) ------------------ : NRS. 18,852 / $ 246</span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;">PER CAPITA (GDP) ----------------- : NRS. 18,083 / $ 236</span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;">GEOGRAPHIC COVERAGE --------- : 885km. length (East to West), 193 km Width (North to South) average.</span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;">LOCATION -------------------------- : Longitude 80°04 East to 88°12 East, Latitude 26°22 North to 30°27’ North. </span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;">ADM. DIVISION -------------------- : 5 Development Regions, 14 Zone, 75 District, 58 Municipalities, 3913 VDCs</span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;">HIGHEST POINT ------------------- : Mt. Everest (8,848 m.)</span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;">LOWEST POINT -------------------- : Kechana Kawal (60 m.)</span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;">LONGEST RIVER ------------------- : Karnali (507 km.)</span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;">BIGGEST RIVER -------------------- : Saptakoshi (28140 sq. km.) </span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;">BIGGEST LAKE --------------------- : Rara (Mahendra), Area: 10.8 sq.km., Depth: 167 m.</span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;">LONGEST GLACIER ---------------- : Khumbu Valley (32 km.)</span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;">LONGEST PITCH BRIDGE --------- : Mehuli Bridge (1130.08 m) Saptari</span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;"> OLDEST TEMPLE ------------------- : Swaymbhunath</span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;">TALLEST TEMPLE ----------------- : Nyathpole Dewal</span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;">MAXIMUM RAINFALL AREA ------ : Lumle (Kaski) > 5000 millimeter</span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;">MINIMUM RAINFALL AREA ------ : Lho Manthang (Mustang) <25 millimeter
<br /></span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;">OLDEST IDOL ----------------------- : Birupachha (Pasupatinath)</span></li></ol><div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /><span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:100%;" >Area of Biggest Districts ----------- Area of Smallest Districts</span>
<br /><span style="font-size:100%;">Dolpa : 7889 sq km -------------------- Bhaktapur : 119 sq km</span>
<br /><span style="font-size:100%;">Humla : 5655 sq km ------------------- Lilitpur : 385 sq km</span>
<br /><span style="font-size:100%;">Taplejung : 3646 sq km ---------------- Kathmandu : 395 sq km</span>
<br /><span style="font-size:100%;">Gorkha : 3610 sq km ------------------- Parbat : 494 sq km
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<br /></span></div>prabinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12815453291932022109noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7796457420639526976.post-11974296898271844952010-05-02T00:33:00.000-07:002010-05-02T00:41:28.215-07:00CONTRUBUTION OF NEPAL IN INTERNATIONAL UNDERSTANDING<span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Nepal has diplomatic relation with many countries of the world. Foreign policy plays an important role in making such relations. Nepal has adopted non-aligned foreign policy. It is based on the principle of <span style="font-style: italic;">Panchasheel.</span> This principle advocates the respect of sovereignty among the countries, non-invasion, non-inteference, equality and peaceful co-existence. The polity of non-alignment means the polity of neutrality and not taking any side in international political conflicts and issues. There are many such countries which do not take the side of any group or bloc when international conflict takes place. Such countries have formed organization called the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM). NAM was established in 1955. Nepal has been taking part in the NAM.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">Nepal is peace loving country. As a member of United Nations Organization, Nepal has been helping the UNO in maintaining peace by sending its troops to UN Peace Keeping Force. The Nepalese Army and Nepal Police have been deployed in many conflicting areas of the world by the UNO as a peace keeping force. Nepalese troops played a vital role to maintain peace in Kosovo, Lebanon, Somalia, Congo, Sierra Leone, East Timor and so on.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">Nepal has made a substantial contribution to the UN peace keeping operations since 1958 AD. The performance of Nepalese army in peace keeping operations has earned good reputation in the world. Nepal is also the active member of SAARC. It also participates in various international tournaments. Such games and sports help to develop mutual co-operation and international understanding. </span><br /><br /></div>prabinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12815453291932022109noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7796457420639526976.post-48649188871420006492010-04-30T23:43:00.000-07:002010-04-30T23:48:53.787-07:00THE JUDICIARY BODY OF NEPAL<span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">The judiciary is one of the most important organs of the government which gives equal justice to the people using the existing laws. The legislative formulates law, the executive executes the law whereas the judiciary interprets the law and punishes the law breakers. Judiciary is an authentic organ to interpret the constitution. Judiciary protects the fundamental rights of people and maintains the rule of law in the country. If there is competent legislative and executive in a country but the judiciary is not independent and impartial, the constitution cannot function. Democracy will be effective and successful where judiciary is powerful and impartial because judiciary is the protector of rights and interests of common citizens. In fact, judiciary is the soul of any political system in modern age. The concept of democratic state with rule of law will not be materialized without strong judicial system. The judiciary plays an important role to make Loktantra successful and prosperous. For this, the judiciary must be independent, impartial and competent.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">There is the provision of judiciary in part 10 of the Interim Constitution of Nepal-2063. According to the article 100 of the constitution the judicial power of Nepal is exercised by the courts and judicial institutions. There are three types of court in Nepal. They are: </span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">a. Supreme Court</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">b. Appellate Court</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">c. District Court</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:130%;" >a. Supreme Court</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">Supreme Court is the highest court in the judicial system of Nepal. All the courts and judicial institutions except military court are under the Supreme Court. Supreme Court</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">is the court of Record in the sense that its decisions are recorded for perpetual memory and testimony. There are fifteen judges including Chief Justice in the Supreme Court. There is a provision of appointing other judges for temporary period if the number of cases is high. </span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Appointment:</span> Chief Justice is appointed by the President on the recommendation of the Constitutional Council. Other judges of the Supreme Court are appointed by the Chief Justice on the recommendation of the Judicial Council.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Qualifications:</span> The person who has worked as a judge in the Supreme Count at least three years is eligible for the appointment of the Chief Justice. The Chief Justice and other judges of the Supreme Court remain in their posts for six years from the date of their appointment and retire at the age of 65.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:130%;" >b. Appellate Court</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;"> There are 16 Appellate Courts in Nepal.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Appointment: </span>The Chief judges and judge of the Appellate Court are appointed by the Chief Justice on the recommendation of the Judicial Council.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Qualification: </span>The person having the following qualifications are eligible for the appointment of a judge in the Appellate Court:</span><br /><ol><li><span style="font-size:100%;">Graduated in law and worked as the judge of District Court or worked at least for seven years as the first class gazette officer in judicial service or </span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;">Graduate in law and at least ten year experience as senior advocate.</span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;">At least ten years teaching experience in law, research or worked in any other field of judicial service.</span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;">Nepali citizens.</span></li></ol><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:130%;" >c. District Court</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;"> There are 75 district courts, one in each district in Nepal. The judges of District Court are also appointed by the Chief Justice on the recommendation of the Judicial Council. A Nepal citizen who is graduated in law and has worked at least for three years as a gazette second class officer in judicial service or graduated in law and worked as an advocate at least for eight years is eligible for the appointment of the judge of the District Court.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:100%;" >Functions of the Judiciary</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">The Judiciary is an independent organ. Democracy becomes stronger if there is an impartial judiciary in the country. Everyone must obey the orders issued by that each judiciary whether it is a common person, organization, or government. The chief functions of the judiciary are:</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">• To give equal justice to the people.</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">• To protect people’s fundamental rights.</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">• To punish the guilty and save the innocent.</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">• To issue orders to the legislative and executive bodies for any breach of law.</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">• To interpret the constitution if there is any controversy.</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">• To suggest to the head of state on legal and constitutional matters.</span><br /></div><br /></div>prabinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12815453291932022109noreply@blogger.com10tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7796457420639526976.post-42590861169730426612010-04-29T21:28:00.000-07:002010-04-30T23:42:59.168-07:00THE EXECUTIVE BODY OF NEPAL<span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">The executive is the law implementing body of the state. The Council of Ministers or government is the executive body of a country. Executive makes programmes and policies and executes the law passed by the legislature. In a broad sense, executive means the supreme administrator of the country. there is a provision of executive in Part 5 of Interim Constitution of Nepal-2063. According to it, the executive power of Nepal is exercised by the Council of Ministers. The executive works of Nepal are carried out in the Government of Nepal.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:130%;" >Formation of Executive</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;"> The Prime Minister is appointed on the basis of political consent and in his chairmanship, the Council of Ministers is formed. According to the constitution, the functions of the government of Nepal are carried out in the spirit of people’s movement by political consent and culture of mutual understanding. The Prime Minister can appoint the Deputy Prime Minister, Ministers, State Ministers and Assistant Ministers from among the members of Legislative-Parliament on the recommendation of concerned political party. There is also the provision that according to political understanding, Prime Minister can appoint the person as the Deputy Prime-Minister, Minister, State Minister or Assistant Minister who are not the members of Legislative-Parliament.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:130%;" >Power and Functions of the Executive</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">The function of executive is increasing day by day in this modern age. There is a lot of work that the executive has to perform. It is the duty of the e executive to maintain law and order in the country. Executive has to fulfil the basic needs of the people like food, shelter, clothing, education and health services. The following are the major functions of the executive:</span><br /><br /><ul><li><span style="font-size:100%;">To run the administration of the country efficiently and provide basic service to the people. Executive makes important appointments and transfers, and controls and supervises all civil and military departments and their subordinates.</span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;">To maintain law and order and protect the country from foreign invasion.</span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;">To impose taxes and run various development works.</span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;">To sign treaties and make good diplomatic relations, depute ambassadors to foreign countries.</span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;">To present the budget in the parliament and operate it after the approval of the parliament.</span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;">To summon, adjourn or postpone the session of the parliament.</span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;">To table the draft bill in the parliament for appropriate laws.</span></li></ul><br /></div>prabinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12815453291932022109noreply@blogger.com42tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7796457420639526976.post-30389056455365047012010-04-29T21:20:00.000-07:002010-04-29T21:26:18.475-07:00THE LEGISLATIVE BODY OF NEPAL<span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">There are three main organs of the government. They are: <span style="font-weight: bold;">Legislative, Executive and Judiciary.</span> These organs exercise different powers and functions. To run the country smoothly these bodies play a vital role. Parliament is the legislative body of the government. Legislative makes law. The country functions on the basis of these laws. The Council of Ministers or government is the executive body. Executive carries out these laws. Courts and other judicial institutions are judiciary. Judiciary ensures that everyone gets justice. Judiciary punishes the guilty when the laws are violated.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">The legislative is the law making body of the country. To make law is the most important function of the state. The country functions under the laws made by the legislature. The legislative came as an organ of state in 18th and 19th century. In most of the countries the members of the legislative are elected by the people. Constituent assembly is working as thee legislature of Nepal at present. Legislative is composed of 601 members. Among them, 240 members are directly elected by the people from 240 constituencies. 335 members are elected through proportional basis and 26 members are nominated by the cabinet.</span><br /><span style="font-size:130%;"><br /></span><span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:130%;" >Power and Functions of the Legislative</span><br /><ul><li><span style="font-size:100%;">All the bills are presented in the parliament. After passing the bills by the majority. After his approval, it becomes the law. In this way, all the laws are made in the parliament.</span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;">The legislative controls over the finance of the country. Legislative passes the annual budget according to which the government spends money in various tasks.</span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;">Legislative can raise questions to any work of the government. If the government does not work properly, legislative can withdraw its support and government is dissolved. In this way the legislative has control over the executive.</span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;">If the Chief Justice or any judge of the Supreme Court is found involved in misconduct or does not perform duties properly, two-thirds majority of the parliament can remove of such judge or Chief Justice. In this way, legislative controls the judiciary also.</span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;">Legislative can also amend the laws and constitution. </span></li></ul></div>prabinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12815453291932022109noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7796457420639526976.post-60196367413204758852010-04-29T21:14:00.000-07:002010-04-29T21:18:44.534-07:00SOCIAL ORGANIZATION FOR SOCAL SERVICE<span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">The organizations involved in social service are called social service organizations. Many people have devoted their entire life for the service of mankind. The noble social service organizations in Nepal are:</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:130%;" >PAROPAKAR SANSTHA</span><br /><span dragover="true" style="font-size:100%;">The world “<span style="font-style: italic;">Paropakar</span>” means doing good service to others and “<span style="font-style: italic;">Sanstha</span>” means an organization. Thus, ‘Paropakar Sanstha’ is a social service organization. This is the first and the oldest social organization of Nepal. It was founded by Dayabir Singh Kansakar in 2004 BS. He was born on 22nd Baishakh, 1968 BS.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:100%;" >Contributions </span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">Primarily, Paropakar Sanstha was established to provide medicine facilities to the poor people suffering from Malaria, Dysentery, Cholera and Typhoid. After the advent of democracy in 2007 BS, the Paropakar Sanstha expanded its services in different sectors of social welfare.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">Paropakar Sanstha established a boarding school for orphans and destitute children at Bhimsensthan, Kathmandu. Today, this boarding school is known by the name Paropakar Secondary School. Other social services provided by Paropakar Sanstha are:</span><br /><br /><ul><li><span style="font-size:100%;">Ambulance service in Kathmandu.</span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;">Blood donation programmes. </span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;">Donation departments have been set up in various parts of Nepal from where medicines are distributed free of cost.</span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;">First-aid centers at various places provide first-aid treatment to the poor and needy patients.</span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;">Festivals, Public fair, religious ceremonies like Shiva Patri, Krishnashtami, etc. are the occasions when this social organization plays an active part.</span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;">Prasuti Griha is the most remarkable contribution of Paropakar Shanstha. It is the maternity hospital situated at Thapathali, Kathmandu. </span></li></ul><br /><span style="font-size:100%;"> Dayabir Singh Kansakar, a great devoted social worker, died on 23rd of Magh 2057 BS in Kathmandu.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:130%;" >JAYCESS (JCI) </span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">Jaycees was established in the city of St. Louis of Missouri, USA by Henry Giessehbier. In the beginning Jaycees name was Hercullanium Dance Club. Its main objectivities was to maintain the traditional dance. It was named as Junior Chamber International (JCI) in the year 1918 AD.</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;"> The main objective of Jaycees is “to provide contribution to the world community by developing leadership quality to youth and by promoting the feeling of universal brotherhood”. The youth between 18 to 40 years age can be member of Jaycees organization. <br /><br /><br /></span></div>prabinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12815453291932022109noreply@blogger.com9tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7796457420639526976.post-21465269250689624432010-04-29T21:08:00.000-07:002010-04-29T21:13:07.906-07:00HUMAN RESOURCES FOR DEVELOPMENT<span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Development means a progressive change that occurs in people, family, community and the country as a whole. Imagine, how Nepali ancestors lived in the past and how they live today. It is very true to say that their life is much more easier and comfortable compared to that of their ancestors. This change is called development. If there was no development, their life would be similar to that of their ancestors. Thus, development is a dynamic process.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">The most important element for the development of a country is human resources or human power. There are three types of human power. They are:</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">a. Unskilled,</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">b. Semi-skilled and</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">c. Skilled.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">Every country requires skilled human power to develop. The key to skilled human power is quality education and training. Education adds other qualities in the person. Educated people are creative, responsible, cooperative, competent, self-reliant and rational. For development, a country needs human power in different fields, human power alone is not sufficient to develop the country. A country also needs the means and resources for its development. Only the skilled human power can make proper utilization of the available means and resources of a country. For example, in order to develop the health sector, we require skilled health workers, health assistants, lab assistants, pharmacologists, administrations etc. similarly, we required different kinds of human power for the development of different sectors like education, industry, tourism, transport, etc.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">Following is a small list of human power related to various professions in Nepal.</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:100%;" >Farmer----------Mason-----------Pilot------------Teacher------------Engineer</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">Manager---------Army------------Doctor-----------Lawyer--------------Labourer</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">Police------------Journalist-------Tailor------------Businessman--------Carpenter</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">Postman---------Driver-----------Barber-----------Civil Servant--------Chemist</span><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">It is very important for us to know that all types of works and important. All types of human power are equally important. A farmer is as important as a cobbler, and a doctor is as important as a tailor. The work of each profession is important as growing food, making shoes, looking after the sick and making clothes, etc. This is what is termed as ’dignity of labour’. In the absence of any one human power, our life would be difficult and a country cannot develop.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">Every country should assess and make proper plan for the type and quantity of quality human power needed for its development.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">Nepal is basically an agricultural country. There is vast scope to develop fishing industry, if there farmers are well-trained. Similarly, Nepal has lots of prospects to develop in tourism, horticultural and fruit farming. But we are still behind in such development activities due to the lack of skilled human power. Some sectors like farming, business, civil servants and labourers, have more human power while, the sectors like medicine, engineering, communication, have less human power. In some sectors there are human power more than we require. This has created the problem of unemployment. Development activities in some sectors is not running smoothly due to the lack of required human power. In Nepal, the problem of unemployment is increasing because of discrimination in works as high and low. People should feel that all work are equal and valuable. Development a country is possible only when all the people use their knowledge and skill and work honestly, creatively and efficient.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">The government should make a long-term plan to prepare skilled human power. This is the age of science and technology. Countries that have advanced in science and technology are the most develop countries in the world. Thus, Nepal too, should aim at producing skilled, qualified human power in the field of science and technology to enhance and promote the rate of development. Only then, the development will be sustainable.</span><br /><br /></div>prabinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12815453291932022109noreply@blogger.com8tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7796457420639526976.post-73986613156978879962010-04-27T20:31:00.000-07:002010-04-27T20:34:44.355-07:00DRINKING WATER PAST AND PRESENT IN THE CONTEXT OF NEPAL<span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Water is one of the most basic elements for all living beings on this earth. About 70% of the human body is made up of water. Human beings can live without food for some time but not without water. Water is used for various purposes, such as for cooking food, washing clothes, bathing, growing crops, construction work and for generating hydro-electricity. Water plays a vital role in the development of a country. If the citizens are healthy, development of a country will be rapid. Thus, government should make all the efforts to supply pure drinking water to its citizens.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:130%;" >Drinking Water in the Past</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">In the past, people used to drink water directly from the source. The first piped water for drinking purpose was launched in Kathmandu during the time of Bir Shumsher. Water was bought through pipes from Shivapuri area, in the north of Kathmandu and store in a reservoir in Maharajjung. At present, the reservoir is known by the name of “Pani Pokhari”. From the reservoir, water was piped out and supplied to different parts.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">During the time of Bhim Shumsher, water was bought through pipes from Sangle Khola and store in the reservoir at Balaju. From here, water was piped out and supplied in various place. Later, the water used for generating hydro-electricity at Pharping was used for drinking as well.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">In 1965, government laughed at water supplied project at Sundarijal. From the First Five Year Plan (1956-61), clean drinking water was supplied by making reservoirs. Drinking water cooperation was supply clean drinking water in various parts of the country. As a result, by 2001 AD, 52.5 % of people were able to enjoy this facility.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:130%;" >Drinking water at present </span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">Nepal is rich in water resources. But, the rural and urban areas of hills and terai are facing the problem of water scarcity. “Water, water everywhere, but not a drop to drink”. In most of the remote and rural areas, people drink directly from the sources like rivers, spring, ponds etc. They need to walk long distance just a fetch a bucket of drinking water. These open sources of water was polluted and contaminated. These water sources dry of especially in winter. Such polluted water is the main cause for water-born diseases like dysentery, typhoid and cholera. Every year many infants, children and adults become victims of these diseases.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">There is an acute problem of growing population in urban areas. The demands of drinking water in very high but difficult to fulfill. Most of water-pipes laid down during the time of Ranas have little or no maintenances. Due to the carelessness of the people, water goes waste as taps are let open event after use. People have to wake up early in the morning, and have to stand in the queue for long time just to get a bucket of water. Often people have to fulfil their needs by buying water from the private sector.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">In the terai, most of the people have to depend upon tube well for the drinking water. Such water contains arsenic, causing skin disease. Thus the problem of drinking water is everywhere in Nepal.</span><br /><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">S.N.-Sources of Drinking Water-No. Of Family/Household Using Water-Percentage</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">1. -- Tap or Piped water ----------------- 22,09,760 ------------------------ 52.93</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">2. -- Well or Pond -------------------------- 3,77,241 ------------------------ 9.10</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">3. -- Tubewell water ----------------------- 11,84,156 ----------------------- 28.37</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">4. -- Water from Spring -------------------- 2,67,180 ------------------------ 6.40</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">5. -- River/Stream ----------------------------- 61,400 ------------------------- 1.47</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">6. -- Water from other sources --------------- 37,232 ------------------------- 0.89</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">7. -- Unidentified ------------------------------- 37,489 ------------------------ 0.90</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;"> ------- Total --------------------------------- 41,74,457 --------------------- 100</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:85%;" >Source: Central Bureau of Statistics, 2058</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:100%;" >Problems of drinking water </span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">• Half of the total population are deprived of pure and safe drinking water.</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">• In the hilly areas the sources of water very far and limited. </span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">• There is no sufficient water in urban areas.</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">• Diseases like dysentery, diarrhea, typhoid and cholera spread due to unsafe and polluted water.</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">• The water of terai suffer from skin diseases due to presence of arsenic in the tube well water.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:100%;" >Solution </span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">• To conserve and clean the water resources.</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">• Use drinking water after purity test only.</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">• Making arrangement drinking water with the coordinating of government sector and local community.</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">• Use boiled and filtered water for drinking.</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">• Making provisions of fulfill the demands of drinking water in urban areas.</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">• Bring awareness among the people regarding the proper use of water without wasting it. </span><br /><br /><br /><br /></div>prabinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12815453291932022109noreply@blogger.com9tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7796457420639526976.post-56562534912817068462010-04-26T00:31:00.000-07:002010-04-26T00:52:23.723-07:00ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION AND MAJOR HYDRO ELECTRICITY PROJECT OF NEPAL<span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:130%;" >Importance</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">Electricity plays a vital role in the modern world. The development of science and technology has made our lives easy and comfortable. This would not have been possible without electricity.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">We use electricity for various domestic purposes. For example: refrigerator, fax, oven, heater, etc. Industries require machinery and other heavy tools to produce many manufactured goods. Electricity is a must to run these machinery and heavy tools. </span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">Similarly, means of communication cannot develop without electricity. We cannot even think of computer or television without electricity. Without the means of communication the pace of human development will be very slow. At present the whole world is suffering from global pollution. If electricity is used to operate the vehicles, the air pollution will be controlled.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">There are various sources of electricity. They are: water, petrol, diesel, solar energy, vapour, bio-gas and steam.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:130%;" >Electricity in Nepal</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">Nepal has huge potentiality of producing electricity. Nepal alone has about 6,000 big and small rivers. Being a mountainous country it is drained by many snow-fed swift flowing rivers. The rivers like Koshi, Gandaki, Karnali, Rapti, Bheri, Mahakali, etc have great potentiality of producing hydro-electricity.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">If we could harness the potential water resources to produce hydro-electricity, there is no doubt that Nepal’s economy will definitely rise. Many places of Nepal, especially, the remote and rural areas are still in darkness. Wherever, the hydro-electricity is not possible, other resources to generate electricity must be utilized.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">The bio-gas plant has become very popular among the villagers in rural areas especially for domestic use. Wind power has been utilized in Kagbeni (Mustand) to generate electricity. In urban area people use solar energy for solar heaters. Besides water, other sources of energy are not enough to run the industries and factories. In order to develop Nepal, hydro-power is the most reliable source of energy.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">Hydro-power was generated for the fist time in Nepal in 1965 BS during the time of Chandra Shumsher. It had the capacity of 500 KW and was located near Pharping, south of Kathmandu. The second hydro-power station was established during the time of Juddha Shumsher at Sundarijal in the north of Kathmandu, having the capacity of 640 KW.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">Nepal has the potentiality of producing 83000 MW of hydro-electricity. But, only 390 MW of electricity has been generated so far from 50 big and small electricity generating projects by the year 2057 BS.</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">The statistics of census 2058 shows that how many people of the country use electricity on the basis of types of lights they use are as follows:</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:100%;" >S.No. - Types of Light ---------- Number of Family ----- Percentage</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">1. -- Electricity ------------------------------- 16,44,499 ----------------- 39.39</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">2. -- Kerosene Lamp ------------------------ 23,86,293 ----------------- 54.17</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">3. -- Bio Gas Light ------------------------------- 8,075 ------------------ 0.19</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">4. -- Other materials ---------------------------- 94,143 ------------------ 2.26</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">5. -- Unidentified ------------------------------- 41,446 ------------------- 0.99</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;"> ---------- Total --------------------------------- 41,74,457 ------------------ 100</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">Source: Central Bureau of Statistics, 2058</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:130%;" >Major Hydro Electricity Projects of Nepal (in KW)</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:100%;" >S.NO. - Name of Station --- Installed Capacity (KW) --- Year of Completion in AD</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">1. -- Sundarijal ------------------------ 640 --------------------------------- 1935</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">2. -- Panauti ------------------------ 2,400 --------------------------------- 1965</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">3. -- Trisuli ------------------------ 24,000 --------------------------------- 1967</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">4. -- (Fewa) Pokhara ---------------- 1,088 --------------------------------- 1967</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">5. -- Sunkoshi ---------------------- 10,050 -------------------------------- 1979</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">6. -- Gandaki ----------------------- 15,000 -------------------------------- 1979</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">7. -- Kulekhani I -------------------- 60,000 ------------------------------- 1982</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">8. -- Tinau (Butwal) ------------------ 1,024 ------------------------------- 1978</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">9. -- Devighat ----------------------- 14,100 ------------------------------- 1983</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">10. - Pokhara (Seti) ------------------ 1,500 ------------------------------- 1985</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">11. - Kulekhani II ------------------- 32,000 ------------------------------- 1986</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">12. - Marsyangdi ------------------- 69,000 -------------------------------- 1989</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">13. - Aandhaikhola ------------------ 5,100 --------------------------------- 1991</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">14. - Tatopani Myagdi I ------------- 1,000 --------------------------------- 1991</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">15. - Tatopani Myagdi II ------------ 1,000 --------------------------------- 1995</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">16. - Jhimruk Pyuthan ------------- 12,300 --------------------------------- 1995 </span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">17. - Puwa Khola -------------------- 6,200 --------------------------------- 2000</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">18. - Khimti Khola ------------------ 6,000 --------------------------------- 2000</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">19. - Modi Khola ------------------- 14,800 --------------------------------- 2001</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">20. - Bhote Koshi ------------------ 36,000 --------------------------------- 2002</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">21. - Indrawati ---------------------- 7,500 --------------------------------- 2003</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">22. - Chilime ----------------------- 20,000 -------------------------------- 2003</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">23. - Kali Gandaki ‘A’ ------------- 1,44,000 -------------------------------- 2003</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">24. - Middle Marsyangdi ------------ 70,000 ------------------------------- 2008</span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"> ---------------Source: Central Bureau of Statistics ----------------</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">The government has encouraged private companies to invest in hydro-power project to fulfil the growing demands.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:100%;" >Problems of Electricity in Nepal</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">a. Lack of capital to install electricity generators.</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">b. Lack of public awareness, leading to careless use and consumption.</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">c. Leakage and stealing.</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">d. Lack of technical manpower.</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">e. Lack of utilization for better purpose.</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">f. Unable to supply electricity to remote areas.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:100%;" >Solutions</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">a. To make the people aware of the use and saving of electricity.</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">b. To stop electricity leakages and stealing.</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">c. To generate more technical manpower.</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">d. To establish industries based on electricity.</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">e. To provide electricity in rural and remote areas.</span><br /><br /></div>prabinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12815453291932022109noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7796457420639526976.post-14845637278947696692010-04-23T22:51:00.000-07:002010-04-27T20:38:38.648-07:00COMMUNICATION IN THE CONTEXT OF NEPAL<span style="font-size:100%;"><b style=""><span style="font-size:14pt;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><br />Importance of Communication</span><o:p></o:p></span></b></span><div> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style=""> </span>Communication is the means of transmitting news, views, ideas and opinions to the people. Communication has brought the people and the countries on the world close to one another. We can watch the people, places and their culture on the television. Internet, phone, fax, e-mail are easiest and quickest means to communicate with our family members, friends, and neighbours who are far away for us. The world shrunk due to the means of communication. Communication is one of the most important infrastructure of development. In other to develop any sector of our country, we required ideas and opinions of other people who are expect and specialized. This is not possible without communication. </span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;">If the communication is advanced and efficient, the transmissions of ideas and opinions will be quick and effectively which will help to carry out development activities successfully and efficiently.</span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;"><o:p> </o:p><b style=""><span style="font-size:14pt;"><span style="font-size:130%;">Communication in the past</span><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.45in; text-indent: -0.25in; text-align: justify;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>The development of Communication has been very late in <st1:place st="on"><st1:country-region st="on">Nepal</st1:country-region></st1:place>.</span><!--[endif]--></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.45in; text-indent: -0.25in; text-align: justify;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Postal service was the oldest and traditional means of Communication, limited only in few district. The postal service was only for government purpose.</span><!--[endif]--></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.45in; text-indent: -0.25in; text-align: justify;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Radio service was obstructed due to the present of hills and mountains. A very few people could listen to the radio.</span><!--[endif]--></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.45in; text-indent: -0.25in; text-align: justify;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Formerly, telephone was used only in <st1:place st="on">Kathmandu</st1:place> during the Rana regime. This services enjoyed by the limited number of people.</span><!--[endif]--></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.45in; text-indent: -0.25in; text-align: justify;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>The only newspaper published was Gorkhapatra. The newspaper was available only in a few places and among a handful of people. Majority of the people could not enjoy the facility of newspapers.</span><!--[endif]--></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.45in; text-indent: -0.25in; text-align: justify;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style=""> </span>Transportation was difficult and underdeveloped. Therefore, communication facility could <span style="font-size:130%;">not reach everywhere among the people.</span><span style="font-size:130%;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:130%;"><b style=""><o:p> </o:p></b></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b style=""><span style="font-size:14pt;"><span style="font-size:130%;">Present State of <st1:state st="on">Communication</st1:state> in <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">Nepal</st1:place></st1:country-region></span><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.45in; text-indent: -0.25in; text-align: justify;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Telephone services has been established in the headquarters of all 75 districts of the country.</span><!--[endif]--></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.45in; text-indent: -0.25in; text-align: justify;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Telephone services is available in all urban areas and hundreds of villages.</span><!--[endif]--></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.45in; text-indent: -0.25in; text-align: justify;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>For the last few years mobile telephone service is in use in the main cities of the nation.</span><!--[endif]--></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.45in; text-indent: -0.25in; text-align: justify;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Apart from Central Transmission Centre, Radio <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">Nepal</st1:place></st1:country-region> has 5 Regional Transmission centres in the regions.</span><!--[endif]--></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.45in; text-indent: -0.25in; text-align: justify;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>FM radio stations have been established in many cities like <st1:place st="on">Kathmandu</st1:place>, Biratnagar, Itahari, Dhankuta, Chitwan, Pokhara, Hetauda, Birgunj, Surkhet, Dipayal, Dhangadhi, Mahendranagar, etc. FM stations belong to private sectors.</span><!--[endif]--></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.45in; text-indent: -0.25in; text-align: justify;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>There are 2743 national and local newspapers/journals (daily, weekly, fortnightly, monthly, three monthly, four monthly, half yearly and yearly). Among them 1500 are regularly published. (Central Bureau of Statistics, 2058)</span><!--[endif]--></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.45in; text-indent: -0.25in; text-align: justify;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Nepal Television broadcasts its programmes for 24 hours, Regional transmission began from Kohalpur Transmission through satellite began in the year 2057. This became viable from all parts of the country and from more than 16 countries of the <st1:place st="on">Asia</st1:place> continent.</span><!--[endif]--></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.45in; text-indent: -0.25in; text-align: justify;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Many Television channels like Channel <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">Nepal</st1:place></st1:country-region>, Kantipur Television, Sagarmatha Television, Image Channel, Avenues Television, etc are run by private sectors.</span><!--[endif]--></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.45in; text-indent: -0.25in; text-align: justify;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>There are modern means of communication like fax, e-mail and internet available particularly in the urban areas.</span><!--[endif]--></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.45in; text-indent: -0.25in; text-align: justify;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Communication link is established with almost all countries of the world.</span><!--[endif]--></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.2in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">An essential means of development is communication. Communication is defined as the means of passing information, thought, ideas, instructions, knowledge, etc from person to person. There are various means of communication available in Nepal such as newspaper, radio, television, satellite telephone, telegram, fax, computer and internet. Nepal constitutions has provided right of information to every citizen.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;"> <span style="font-weight: bold;">Postal Services</span> were started in 1880 AD. Letter, parcels, money order are sent through the post office. Nepali people can send and receive letters from different parts of Nepal and from all over the world.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;"> <span style="font-weight: bold;">Radio</span> is another means of communication. Radio Nepal was established in 1951 AD. Radio is the cheapest means of communication. Its transmission center is in Singha Durbar. Radio broadcasts news in different languages. There are 24 FM radio stations in Nepal. Noted radio stations are:</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">Radio Nepal ------------------ Kathmandu</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">Kantipur FM ------------------ Kathmandu-Dhankuta</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">Hits FM ------------------------ Kathmandu</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">Annapurna FM ---------------- Pokhara</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">Koshi FM ---------------------- Biratnagar</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">Janaki FM ---------------------- Janakpur</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">Sagarmatha FM --------------- Lalitpur</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">Times FM ---------------------- Kathmandu</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">Classic FM --------------------- Kathmandu</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">Saptakoshi ---------------------- Biratnagar</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Television</span> is a very effective means of communication. Electricity is needed for it. Television telecasts news, views, advertisement and different programmes. Nepal Television was established in 1985 AD and it transmission station is at Singha Durbar. It is run by the government. Kantipur Television, Channel Nepal and Image Channel are providing their services. They are popular for providing independent news and views.</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">The Gorkhapatra is the first newspaper of Nepal. Gorkhapatra was established in 1901 AD. Some newspapers of Nepal are:</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Daily :</span> Gorkhapatra, Kantipur, Nepal Samacharpatra, The Himalayan Times, Rajdhani, The Rising Nepal, The Kathmandu Post. </span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Weekly :</span> Vimarsha, Chhalphal, Deshantar, Tarun, Samakalin, Jana Astha</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Fortnightly :</span> Himal, Nepal</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Monthly :</span> Madhupark, Kamana, Nari</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;"> Apart from these means of communications recently mobile (telephone), fax, wireless, telex, email, internet, films etc. are becoming popular in Nepal.</span><br /></div><br /></div>prabinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12815453291932022109noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7796457420639526976.post-64361056641039532722010-04-22T22:31:00.000-07:002010-04-27T20:42:18.907-07:00WAYS OF TRANSPORT AND ITS LOCATION WITH AREAS<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b style=""><span style="font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:130%;">Importance of Transport</span><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style=""> </span>Transport is another important infrastructure of development. In fact, without transport, the development of other infrastructures like communication, education, industry, health, etc are not possible. Transport links people and places, enables the movement of raw materials to the factories, finished goods to the market, and promotes trade and business. A country having a good network of transport has rapid and harmonious development. All the developed countries of the world are well advanced in transport compared to the developing countries.</span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style=""> <br /></span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b style=""><span style="font-size:14px;"><o:p></o:p><span style="font-size:130%;">ROADWAYS</span><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style=""> </span><st1:place st="on"><st1:country-region st="on">Nepal</st1:country-region></st1:place> is a landlocked and mountainous country. Roadways are the prominent means of transportation. Railways and waterways are difficult due to steep landform. Airways are expensive to travel for common people.</span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;"><o:p> </o:p>Prior to 2007 BS, there were only 376 km of roads in <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">Nepal</st1:place></st1:country-region>. Now, there has been a considerable development in the construction of roads.</span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b style=""><span style="font-size:14px;"><span style=""> </span><span style="font-size:130%;">Zone------------------------------------Road</span><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; text-align: justify;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="">1.<span style=""> </span></span>Mechi------------------------------------------------------1,075</span><!--[endif]--></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; text-align: justify;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="">2.<span style=""> </span></span>Koshi-------------------------------------------------------1,189</span><!--[endif]--></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; text-align: justify;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="">3.<span style=""> </span></span>Sagarmatha--------------------------------------------------725</span><!--[endif]--></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; text-align: justify;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="">4.<span style=""> </span></span>Janakpur---------------------------------------------------1,320</span><!--[endif]--></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; text-align: justify;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="">5.<span style=""> </span></span>Bagmati---------------------------------------------------- 2,307 </span><!--[endif]--></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; text-align: justify;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="">6.<span style=""> </span></span>Narayani--------------------------------------------------- 1,542</span><!--[endif]--></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; text-align: justify;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="">7.<span style=""> </span></span>Gandaki------------------------------------------------------ 801</span><!--[endif]--></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; text-align: justify;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="">8.<span style=""> </span></span>Lumbini --------------------------------------------------- 1,362</span><!--[endif]--></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; text-align: justify;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="">9.<span style=""> </span></span>Dhawalagiri--------------------------------------------------- 73</span><!--[endif]--></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; text-align: justify;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="">10.<span style=""> </span></span>Rapti-------------------------------------------------------- 806</span><!--[endif]--></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; text-align: justify;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="">11.<span style=""> </span></span>Bheri-------------------------------------------------------- 891</span><!--[endif]--></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; text-align: justify;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="">12.<span style=""> </span></span>Karnali----------------------------------------------------- None</span><!--[endif]--></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; text-align: justify;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="">13.<span style=""> </span></span>Seti---------------------------------------------------------- 619</span><!--[endif]--></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; text-align: justify;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="">14.<span style=""> </span></span>Mahakali--------------------------------------------------- 519<span style=""> </span></span><!--[endif]--></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style=""> </span><b style="">Total --------------------------------------------------13,223<o:p></o:p></b></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b style=""><span style="font-size:10px;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Source: Central Bureau of Statistics.</span><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;"><o:p><br /></o:p><br /><b style=""><i style="">The list of important highways and roads are given below:<o:p></o:p></i></b></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b style=""><span style="font-size:100%;">S.N. -- Highways/Roads</span><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><span style="font-size:100%;">------------</span><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><span style="font-size:100%;">From</span><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><span style="font-size:100%;">-----------</span><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><span style="font-size:100%;">To</span><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><span style="font-size:100%;">-------</span><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><span style="font-size:100%;">Length (KM)</span><o:p></o:p></b></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; text-align: justify;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="">1.<span style=""> </span></span>--<span style=""> </span>Mahendra Highways<span style=""> </span>----------------<span style=""> </span>Mechi<span style=""> </span>----------<span style=""> </span>Mahakali<span style=""> </span>--------<span style=""> </span>1,030</span><!--[endif]--></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; text-align: justify;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="">2.<span style=""> </span></span>--<span style=""> </span>Tribhuwan Highways<span style=""> </span>---------------<span style=""> </span><st1:place st="on">Kathmandu</st1:place><span style=""> </span>----<span style=""> </span>Birgunj<span style=""> </span>------------<span style=""> </span>189</span><!--[endif]--></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; text-align: justify;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="">3.<span style=""> </span></span>--<span style=""> </span>Prithvi Highways<span style=""> </span>--------------------<span style=""> </span>Naubise<span style=""> </span>--------<span style=""> </span>Pokhara<span style=""> </span>----------<span style=""> </span>173</span><!--[endif]--></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; text-align: justify;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="">4.<span style=""> </span></span>--<span style=""> </span>Siddhartha Highways<span style=""> </span>---------------<span style=""> </span>Sunauli<span style=""> </span>---------<span style=""> </span>Pokhara<span style=""> </span>----------<span style=""> </span>209</span><!--[endif]--></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; text-align: justify;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="">5.<span style=""> </span></span>--<span style=""> </span>Araniko Highways<span style=""> </span>------------------<span style=""> </span>Bhaktapur<span style=""> </span>------<span style=""> </span>Kodari<span style=""> </span>------------<span style=""> </span>114</span><!--[endif]--></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; text-align: justify;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="">6.<span style=""> </span></span>--<span style=""> </span>Bhim Dutta Panta Highways<span style=""> </span>------<span style=""> </span>Dhangadi<span style=""> </span>-------<span style=""> </span>Dadeldhura<span style=""> </span>-------<span style=""> </span>140</span><!--[endif]--></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; text-align: justify;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="">7.<span style=""> </span></span>--<span style=""> </span>Ratna Highways<span style=""> </span>---------------------<span style=""> </span>Nepalgunj<span style=""> </span>------<span style=""> </span>Surkhet<span style=""> </span>-----------<span style=""> </span>87</span><!--[endif]--></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; text-align: justify;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="">8.<span style=""> </span></span>--<span style=""> </span>Madan-Ashrit Highways<span style=""> </span>-----------<span style=""> </span>Mugling<span style=""> </span>--------<span style=""> </span>Narayangadh<span style=""> </span>--------<span style=""> </span>36</span><!--[endif]--></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; text-align: justify;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="">9.<span style=""> </span></span>--<span style=""> </span>Pushpalal Highways<span style=""> </span>----------------<span style=""> </span>Ramechhap<span style=""> </span>----<span style=""> </span>Lamosanghu<span style=""> </span>--------- 130</span><!--[endif]--></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; text-align: justify;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="">10.<span style=""> </span></span>-<span style=""> </span>BP Koirala Highways<span style=""> </span>--------------<span style=""> </span>Banepa<span style=""> </span>---------<span style=""> </span>Bardibas<span style=""> </span>-------------- 159</span><!--[endif]--></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; text-align: justify;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="">11.<span style=""> </span></span>-<span style=""> </span>Madan Bhandari Highways<span style=""> </span>-------<span style=""> </span>Dharan<span style=""> </span>----------<span style=""> </span>Dhankuta<span style=""> </span>-------------<span style=""> </span>25</span><!--[endif]--></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; text-align: justify;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="">12.<span style=""> </span></span>-<span style=""> </span>Pasang Lhamu Highways<span style=""> </span>---------<span style=""> </span><st1:place st="on">Kathmandu</st1:place><span style=""> </span>-----<span style=""> </span>Dhunche<span style=""> </span>-------------<span style=""> </span>117</span><!--[endif]--></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; text-align: justify;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="">13.<span style=""> </span></span>-<span style=""> </span>Dashrath Highways<span style=""> </span>----------------<span style=""> </span>Dadeldhura<span style=""> </span>-----<span style=""> </span>Baitadi<span style=""> </span>---------------<span style=""> </span>175</span><!--[endif]--></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; text-align: justify;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="">14.<span style=""> </span></span>-<span style=""> </span>Bhupi Sherchan Highways<span style=""> </span>--------<span style=""> </span>Pokhara<span style=""> </span>--------<span style=""> </span>Baglung<span style=""> </span>----------------<span style=""> </span>67</span><!--[endif]--></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;"><o:p> </o:p><b style="">Major Problem in the Development of Roadways<o:p></o:p></b></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.45in; text-indent: -0.25in; text-align: justify;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style=""> </span></span></span>Mountain topography,</span><!--[endif]--></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.45in; text-indent: -0.25in; text-align: justify;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style=""> </span></span></span>Lack of capital,</span><!--[endif]--></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.45in; text-indent: -0.25in; text-align: justify;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style=""> </span></span></span>Lack of technical human power,</span><!--[endif]--></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.45in; text-indent: -0.25in; text-align: justify;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style=""> </span></span></span>Lack of public awareness,</span><!--[endif]--></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.45in; text-indent: -0.25in; text-align: justify;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style=""> </span></span></span>Unstable government,</span><!--[endif]--></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.45in; text-indent: -0.25in; text-align: justify;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style=""> </span></span></span>Lack of quality construction of roads. </span><!--[endif]--></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;"><o:p> </o:p><br /><b style="">Solutions<o:p></o:p></b></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 47.4pt; text-indent: -0.25in; text-align: justify;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style=""> </span></span></span>Use of government and local resources,</span><!--[endif]--></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 47.4pt; text-indent: -0.25in; text-align: justify;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style=""> </span></span></span>Ensure local participation,</span><!--[endif]--></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 47.4pt; text-indent: -0.25in; text-align: justify;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style=""> </span></span></span>Raise public awareness,</span><!--[endif]--></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 47.4pt; text-indent: -0.25in; text-align: justify;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style=""> </span></span></span>Proper use of means and resources,</span><!--[endif]--></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 47.4pt; text-indent: -0.25in; text-align: justify;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style=""> </span></span></span>Give important to quality construction,</span><!--[endif]--></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 47.4pt; text-indent: -0.25in; text-align: justify;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style=""> </span></span></span>Stop economic leakages. </span><!--[endif]--></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b style=""><span style="font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:130%;">Airways</span> <o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;">Airways play a significant role where other means of transportation are not possible. Air transportation is very important for the development of national economy.</span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;"><o:p> </o:p>Air service started in <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">Nepal</st1:place></st1:country-region> in 2008 BS. Nepal Airlines cooperation (NAC) has a domestic as well as an international air service having flights to china, <st1:country-region st="on">India</st1:country-region>, <st1:city st="on">Dubai</st1:city>, Hong Kong, <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">Bangkok</st1:city>, <st1:country-region st="on">Japan</st1:country-region> etc</st1:place>. Besides NAC, there are many other airlines operating domestic as well as international flights. Domestic air service links <st1:place st="on">Kathmandu</st1:place> with almost all the major towns of the country. There are many private airlines providing services to different parts of the country.</span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;">International Airlines having air services to Nepal and India Airlines, Jet Air ways, Biman Bangaladesh, Pakastan internationals Airlines, Thai Airlines, Gulf Air, Qatar Airways, Korean Air, China South Airlines, Druk Air (Royal Bhutan Airlines) Austrian Airlines, gulf Air, Saudi Arabian etc. Some Nepalese Private Airlines, Sita Air, Agni Air.</span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;"><o:p> </o:p>The development of air services promoted and enhances tourism, which in turn raises the economic condition of the country.</span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;"><o:p> </o:p><br /><b style=""><span style="font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:130%;">Railways</span><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;">The construction of railways demands a plain landform whereas most parts of <st1:place st="on"><st1:country-region st="on">Nepal</st1:country-region></st1:place> are full of steep hills and mountains. Only 17% of the total landform is plain in terai. The first railways service began in <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">Nepal</st1:place></st1:country-region> in 1985 BS. It was 50 KM long, running from Raxaul (<st1:country-region st="on">India</st1:country-region>) to Amlekhgung (<st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">Nepal</st1:place></st1:country-region>). It was called Nepal Government Railways (NGR). However, the service was discontinuous after the development of good roadways on the same route. The only railways lines which <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">Nepal</st1:place></st1:country-region> has at present in Nepal Janakpur Jaynagar Railway (NJJR). It was constructed in 1992 BS. It is 53 KM long. This railways service still exists.</span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;"><o:p> </o:p><br /><span style="font-size:130%;"><b style="">Ropeways</b></span><span style="font-size:14px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;">Ropeways are very reliable means of transport, especially to carry load in the mountains areas.</span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;"><o:p> </o:p>The first ropeway service started in <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">Nepal</st1:place></st1:country-region> in 1986 BS from Dhursing to Matatirtha. But, it was operated for a short time only. There was one rope way from Hetauda to <st1:place st="on">Kathmandu</st1:place>. Ropeways was built in 2002 BS. Hetauda to <st1:place st="on">Kathmandu</st1:place> ropeways is not in operation now. Realizing its importance, the government is planning to install a ropeway from Surkhet to Jumla.</span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;"><o:p> </o:p>In the year 2055 BS, a private cable car service for pilgrims to visit the famous <st1:place st="on"><st1:placetype st="on">temple</st1:placetype> <st1:placename st="on">Manakamana</st1:placename></st1:place> has been launched from Kurintar (Chitwan) to Manakamana (Gorkha). This cable car covers the distance of 3.1 kilometer.</span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;"><o:p> </o:p><br /><b style=""><span style="font-size:14px;"><span style="font-size:130%;">Waterways</span><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style=""> </span>Waterways are the least expensive means of transport in the world. Any countries that have access to any sea or the ocean are mostly developed.</span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;"><o:p> </o:p>There are about six-thousand big and small rivers in <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">Nepal</st1:place></st1:country-region>. In spite of having huge sources of water, why do we lag behind in waterways? The simple answer is, first, <st1:place st="on"><st1:country-region st="on">Nepal</st1:country-region></st1:place> is full of steep hills and mountains, second, most of the rivers are swift flowing due to mountainous topography.</span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;"><o:p> </o:p>Rivers are mainly used for boating and rafting. Boating is done in Koshi, Narayani and southern part of Karnali river. Rivers Trisuli, Gandaki and Bhote Koshi are used for rafting. Both, boating and rafting, are the souces of tourist attraction. The government is planning to develop waterways from Ramdighat to Narayanghat and from Narayanghat to Bhainsalotan covering 185 kilometer in the near future. <span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Example: </span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Transport in Maya’s district</span><br /> Maya Lame is from Manang district. Her district is not linked with road transport. She has not seen trucks, buses, motorcars and motorcycles in her district. But she had a chance to see an aeroplane when she visited her uncle’s home in Jomsom. People carry goods on their backs in villages and mountain belts. Horses, yaks and sheep are the only means of transport in her district. Maya has learnt many things about transport from her friend Prapti Yadav who lives in Janakpur.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Transport in Prapti Yadav’s district</span><br /> Prapti Yadav is from Dhanusa district, Janakpur Dhum. Janakpur is one of the famous towns. There are many buses, trucks, motors and rickshaws on the road. There is an airport at Janakput. Janakpur-Jainagar railway passes from her town. Sometimes she goes to Jainagar by train to buy some goods. Last month, she visited her cousin sister in Kathmandu. Then she also traveled on cable car in Kurintar with her uncle, aunt and cousin sister. They don’t have sea. Hence they don’t have ships and can’t enjoy voyages. Nepal is a land-locked country.<br /><br /></div>prabinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12815453291932022109noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7796457420639526976.post-29389176020875891962010-04-21T07:17:00.000-07:002010-05-01T00:06:40.480-07:00HEALTH STATUS IN NEPAL<div align="justify"><br />The literary meaning of health is the state of being physically and mentally fit. Health is considered as another most important infrastructure of development. Even the educated people need to be healthy in order to study and work and to be happy.<br /><br />“A sound mind in a sound body” should be the motto of a happy life. It is indeed true that only a person with a sound mind and a sound body can think and act rationally. Education without good health is meaningless and worthless. Only the healthy human power can lead the country to the path of development by utilizing their power of knowledge and creativity.<br /><br />Every country requires healthy human resources. Health of the people depends upon the availability of health services.<br /><br /><strong>Health Services in the Past</strong><br />Before 2007 BS, there were limited health services. The population was limited and the environment was clean and pollution free. The people of that time were healthy. They ate fresh and hygienic food. They were immune to many kinds of diseases. They hardly fell sick. They depended on Ayurvedic medicines. Bir Hostpital is the oldest hospital of the country of Nepal. It was established in 1947 BS, by Prime Minister Bir Shumsher.<br /><br /><strong>Health Services at Present</strong><br />At present, Nepal is facing the problems of population growth and environmental pollution. Health facilities are inadequate for the growing population. Majority of the people are suffering from poverty and illiteracy. They have poor idea of health and sanitation. There is high infant, child and maternal death rate. Infants and children suffer from polio, tuberculosis, diarrhea, dysentery, typhoid, encephalitis, etc. Many die due to the lack of maternal care.<br /><br /><strong>PROBLEMS IN HEALTH SECTOR<br /></strong>• There are not enough hospitals, health posts and health centres specially in the remote areas.<br />• Medical treatment and facilities are not available as required.<br />• Doctors and health workers hesitate to go to remote areas.<br />• Rural people mostly rely on witch doctors or Dhami-Jhankri.<br />• People in remote and rural areas themselves are less interested to get treatment in hospitals or health posts.<br />• Private hospitals in urban areas are too expensive for common people.<br />• Government hospitals are not well-equipped and service-oriented.<br /><br /><strong>SOLUTIONS</strong><br />1. Provision should be made to establish well-facilitated hospitals and health posts in remote areas.<br />2. Medicines and medical equipment must be made available when required.<br />3. The doctors and health workers should be encourage to go to remote areas with good incentives.<br />4. Programmes should be conducted to raise public awareness about medical treatment, health and sanitation.<br />5. Health sectors should not be commercial.<br />6. Government hospitals should be well-equipped and service oriented so that maximum people can benefit.<br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">HEALTH SERVICES IN NEPAL</span></strong><br />1. Hospitals--------------------------------------83.<br />2. Health Posts----------------------------------700.<br />3. Health Centres-------------------------------10.<br />4. Primary Health Centres---------------------180.<br />5. Doctors-------------------------------------5415.<br />6. Nurses--------------------------------------9146.<br />7. Health assistants----------------------------5259.<br />8. Ayurvedic service centres-------------------287.<br />9. Health Workers----------------------------3190.<br />Source: Health Ministry, Central Bureau of Statistics<br /><br /><strong>Policy and Effort in Health Services</strong><br />The government of Nepal has set up Ministry of Health to formulate plans and policies to maintain and promote better health of the people. </div><div align="justify"><br />Tribhuwan Uneversity (TU) has a Teaching Hospital in Maharajgunj. TU also runs an Ayurvedic college in Kathmandu.<br /><br />The government has also given approval and recognition to different medical colleges run under BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences and Kathmandu University.<br /><br />Besides, there are many specialized hospitals such as eye hospitals, dental hospitals, etc.<br /><br />Along with the efforts made by the government, many international agencies like WHO, UNICEF, UMN, INF, etc are giving valuable services to our country in the medical field. Several NGOs, INGOs, associations, and clubs are providing voluntary services to promote the health sector.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Example:</span><br />Gopal Shrestha is a student of class 7 in Mahendra Secondary School. He has visited a health post of his village and brought the following facts about it.<br />1. Name of the health post: Janak Health Post, Hadikhola<br />2. Date of establishment: 2047 B.S.<br />3. Working Days: Sunday to Friday (10a.m to 3p.m.)<br />4. Number of Staff: Emergency service available on Saturday.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Post ----------------------------- No.</span><br />Chief ---------------------------- 1<br />Assistant Health Worker ----- 3<br />A.N.M. -------------------------- 2<br />Social Health Worker --------- 4<br />Sudeni --------------------------- 2<br />Peon ----------------------------- 2<br />Total ---------------------------- 14<br /><br />5. The following services are available:<br />i. All types of vaccinations for children<br />ii. Dressing of wound and sores.<br />iii. Treatment for stomachache, fever and headache.<br />iv. Treatment for diarrhea and dysentery.<br />v. Treatment for hookworm, tapeworm, roundworm especially for children.<br />vi. Services for family planning.<br /><br />6. Services free of Charges:<br />i. All vaccines for infants and children.<br />ii. Temporary means of family planning.<br />iii. Medicines for fever, headache stomach ache etc.<br />iv. Medicine for leprosy.<br />v. Jeevan Jal, Vitamin ‘A’ capsule.<br />vi. Bulletins related to health education.<br /><br /><br /></div>prabinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12815453291932022109noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7796457420639526976.post-37213262895759316562010-04-21T07:15:00.000-07:002010-04-27T20:49:47.138-07:00DEVELOPMENT IN EDUCATION INFRASTRUCTURE<div align="justify"><br /><span style="font-size:130%;"><strong>Introduction of Education</strong></span><br />Development of a community and a nation as a whole depends upon its infrastructure. Infrastructure is considered as the pillar of development. Infrastructure refers to essential factors needed for development like education, health facilities, transport, communication, etc.<br />Who is responsible to develop these infrastructures? The simple answer is quality human resources that is quality human resources that are skilled and trained in their professions, like teachers, doctors, engineers, mechanic, lawyers, etc. what can provide such skilled human resources? Only education can provide such skilled quality human resources. Education can make citizens aware, conscious, intelligent, creative, responsible, independent and hard working. Such human qualities can utilize the means and resources of the country for development. Such quality human resources can bring about positive social changes and promote economic development of a country. The countries of the world are categorized into two groups: developed and developing, based on the level of development. The most important measuring rod for development is ‘Education’. Thus, the development of any country depends upon infrastructure like education.<br /><br /><span style="font-size:130%;"><strong>HISTORY OF EDUCATION</strong><br /></span>In the earlier days there were no formal institutions like schools and colleges to impart education. Education was imparted in religious institutions like Ashram, Monastery, Church and Madarsa. Pupils learnt about the holy scripts, and religious rites and rituals from their teachers. The medium of education was Sanskrit.<br /><br /><strong>Dawn of Modern Education</strong><br />Junga Bahadur Rana initiated English education after his visit to the European countries. He established English school in 1910 BS at Thapathali only for his family. Later, the school was shifted to the western side of Ranipokhari by Prime Minister Bir Shumsher. It was named Durbar High School. Today, it is called Bhanubhakta Secondary School.<br /><br />Balguru Khadananda was the pioneer to establish Sanskrit School at Dingla, Bhojpur in 1932 BS. Two years later, in 1934 BS, Ranodip Singh established another Sanskrit school in Kathmandu.<br /><br />In 1958 BS, Prime Minister Dev Shumsher established about a hundred schools within and outside the Kathmandu valley. In 1975 BS, Prime Minister Chandra Shumsher established the first college in Kathmandu valley, in the name of the then King Tribhuvan and on his own name and called it Tri-Chandra College. His son-in-law, king of Bajhang, Jay Prithvi Bahadur Singh published various books for school children and civil servants.<br /><br />The year 1990 BS is considered as a landmark in education in Nepal, with the establishment of the SLC Board.<br /><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN EDUCATION</span><br /></strong>The wave of education spread throughout the country with the advent of democracy in 2007 BS. The government and the people became more aware of the importance of education. At that time, the literacy rate of Nepal was about two percent only. The government formulated plans to educate people. Nowadays, the education sector is developing rapidly due to involvement of private sectors in imparting quality education.<br /><br /><strong>Important Phases of Educational Development in Nepal:</strong><br />1. 1910 BS : Establishment of Durbar High School<br />2. 1932 BS : Establishment of Sanskrit School at Dingla, Bhojpur<br />3. 1958 BS : Beginning of Language Schools<br />4. 1975 BS : Establishment of Tri-Chandra College<br />5. 1990 BS : Establishment of the SLC Board<br />6. 2028 BS : Implementation of National Education System Plan<br />7. 2038 BS : Curriculum Implementation Plan<br />8. 2049 BS : Report of National Education Commission<br />9. 2055 BS : Report of High level National Education Commission<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Utility of Education</span><br />i. To gain Knowledge<br />ii. To gain skills<br />iii. To get better job<br />iv. To be able to change the society<br />v. To develop social awareness<br />vi. To have a good social status<br />vii. To help conserve the national and public properties<br />viii. To be a good citizen of a country<br />ix. To be able to make wise decision<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">No. of Primary Schools in Nepal ----------- 25,927</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">No. of Secondary Schools in Nepal ---------- 4,450</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> <span style="font-size:85%;">Source: Education Bulletin 2063</span></span><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Example:</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">1. Dali’s Village</span><br /> Dali Gurung is from Parsa VDC. There are three primary schools and one secondary school in her village. Many people have passed S.L.C from that school. A few are under S.L.C. Still they have taken some training and developed their skills. All are busy in her village. Some have returned after completing their higher education. They are qualified manpower working in schools, health post, post office, banks, industries and social services. People are very co-operative. They are united and work together to construct roads, to preserve public property and even clean the village. Every home has the facility of clean drinking water. People immediately go to health post if they become sick. Her village is alcohol free zone. So people do not take wine and quarrel with each other. Everybody is happy there. There is religious tolerance among people. People do not fight for the sake of religion. They respect each other. Her village is near the preservation of forest. They are very conscious about the forest. People say Dali’s village is just like a heaven.<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">2. Dilamaya’s Village</span><br /> Dilamaya is from Bharta village. Her village is in the remote area of Nepal. Unfortunately, there is no school in her village. Most of the people are illiterate. A few are educated, but they live outside the village. Many people are unemployed and spend their time uselessly by drinking wine and gambling. They quite often quarrel with each other. They have no courtesy and good conduct. They always use vulgar words and are very unfriendly with outsiders. The whole village is full of solid waste. Because of the unhealthy environment, people often get sick. They do not like to visit doctors. They prefer to visit witch doctors. Children suffer from diarrhea and dysentery because of impure drinking water. There is a lack of co-operation among people. They fight with each other in the name of religion. Development work is also lagging behind due to the lack of education. People use the roadside and surrounding areas for toilet. There is no electricity in that village. People are below the poverty line. Production of crops is very low.<br /><br /></div>prabinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12815453291932022109noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7796457420639526976.post-83700345915604018522010-04-12T02:50:00.000-07:002010-04-12T02:51:48.436-07:00CHALLENGES AND OPPERTUNITIES OF FOREIGN EMPLOYMENT<span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Challenges and opportunities</span></span><br /><br /></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;"> Although the attraction for foreign employment is increasing everyday, employment is not safe, secured and managed well. Skilled and trained manpower appropriate to the nature and requirement of foreign demand are not available. So, people are going to foreign countries as unskilled or semi-skilled work force. Because of this, foreign countries are getting on one hand cheap labor and on the other Nepalese working abroad are not getting rights and honorable jobs. This has compelled Nepalese people to sell their labour at a throw away price whereas they have to invest a lot of money.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;"> Foreign Employment Act 2064 has clearly made a legal provision for sending Nepalese for foreign employment. But, this act is not correctly implemented. Various foreign employment services are in operation without government permission. Brokers are taking advantage of the simple and innocent people and cheating them badly. It is a pity that even those who have gone through resistered agencies and also having required skill, training and knowledge are not getting good jobs and salary. Not only this, there are many instances when such labour forces have returned prematurely not having required qualifications, ability, skills and knowledge suitable for these jobs offered. This is indeed a big and serious challenge.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">There is a need of legal, technical and professional training for these people so that they can meet the challenges and can take benefit of the advantages of the opportunities available in the market. Technically trained, skilled and competent people can compete with others and secure right jobs, which fetch them good salary. There is also need of providing them accidental and life insurance to make their life more secured. The demand for Nepalese workers is increasing greatly. The Three Year Interim Plan has provision to have labour contract with those countries where there are a large number of Nepalese working. This indicates that the opportunities for employment are increasing day by day.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">According to the government reports, more than one billion rupees remittances are earned every year from foreign employment. This has largely contributed to national economy. Many factories and industries are established from such money which helps in generating local employment and revenues. However, continuous fleeing of trained and skilled human power would adversely affect in their own economic development. They should gradually bring down the number of out going labour force. The country’s development is own development. It is a fact that one gets due respect only when his own country is developed. Those Nepalese working in other countries as Bahadur and Kanchhas are giving their sweat and blood for the development of other countries. Whereas it is sad to say that Nepal remains always poor, underdeveloped and backward. For this, they (Nepalese) have to get appropriate training, knowledge, skills and contribute to their own economic development. We should love our own country and foster patriotic feeling among us. On this lies our over all welfare and well being.<br /><br /><br /></span></div>prabinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12815453291932022109noreply@blogger.com17tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7796457420639526976.post-56913248484197646532010-04-12T02:47:00.000-07:002010-04-12T02:49:01.593-07:00CONTRIBUTION OF SOS IN NEPAL<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:130%;" >SOS (Save Our Soul)</span><br /><br /></span><span style="font-size:100%;"> SOS is an international social organization. After the Second World War thousand of children became orphans in Europe. To look after them, Dr.Hermann Gmeiner, a professor from Austria had opened a children’s village in Austria in 1949 AD. Now such villages are established in more than 133 countries of the world.<br /><br /></span><span style="font-size:100%;"> SOS Children Village was established for the first time in Nepal in 2028 BS at Sano Thimi, Bhaktapur. SOS organization provides shelter and education to the orphans, homeless and needy children in homely environment with love and care. There are SOS Villages in Sano, Thimi (Bhaktapur), Koteshwor, Itahari, Pokhara, Surkhet, Chitwan, Banepa, etc.<br /><br /></span><span style="font-size:100%;"> There are a number of houses in each SOS village. A limited number of children live in each house. An elderly lady looks after the children like a mother. The elder children look after the younger ones. Boys and girls maintain the relationship of brother and sister among themselves. There are schools up to +2 levels. At present there are 101 houses in different villages where more than 1200 people have been growing under the loving care of SOS mothers and other workers.<br /><br /></span><span style="font-size:100%;">SOS children village at Jorpati (Kathmandu) is specially for orphans of all kinds of disabilities. Five boys and five girls of different age groups live in one house with a ‘Mother’. They have a small swimming pool, one gymnasium for special exercise. They are given all types of facilities so that they never feel that they are orphans. There is an orthopedic hospital nearby. Sometimes an operation can make things easier. All handicapped children attend normal schools. After SLC, they go to campuses or attend any vocational training to help them become independent. One of the students there said, “I came here when I was six year old. I have an artificial arm. Now I am studying BBS. I have already learnt to use the computer. When I pass my examination, I will look for a job. When I get a job I will move from this village to live independently”. <br /><br /><br /><br /></span></div>prabinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12815453291932022109noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7796457420639526976.post-16858322678993224842010-04-12T02:39:00.000-07:002010-04-12T02:44:46.115-07:00CONTRIBUTION OF RED CROSS SOCIETYS IN NEPAL<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:130%;" > Red Cross Society<br /><br /></span><span style="font-size:100%;"> In 1859 AD, Jean Henri Dunant, a Swiss national had gone to Italy on vacation. It was the time when the great Battle of Solferino was going on in Italy. By chance Jean Henri Dunant reached the battle field. Forty thousand people were killed or injured. No one was there to help the war victims. There were neither doctors nor nurses or hospitals to treat them nor anybody to carry them away. Jean Henri Dunant was very shocked with this incident and resolved to help them. Jean Henri Dunant urged the women to take care and to supply the bandages, children to carry water and others to help the wounded. Collective efforts improved the situation within five weeks. After three years Jean Henri Dunant wrote a book- “A Memory of Solferino” in which he appealed to “the group of volunteers in all countries to help the victims of war or natural calamities like earthquake”. In 1863 AD, the delegates from 16 countries got together in Switzerland and founded the international Red Cross. Its flag has a red cross on white background. The flag is made in an honour of Switzerland. The Swiss flag has a white cross on a red background. In 1864 AD an international conference was held in Geneva, the capital of Switzerland. The delegrates from 12 countries attended this conference and they signed in an agreement that neither red cross volunteers nor wounded soldiers would be attacked. Now, the agreement also protects war prisoners and civilians. This conference is called the Geneva Convention.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;"> Red Cross Society has now spread all over the world. 175 countries of the world including Nepal have set up national branches of Red Cross Society. Its headquarters is in Geneva. Muslim countries use a Red Crescent on a white flag and call themselves Red Crescent Society.</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;"> The basic principles of Red Cross Society are humanity, freedom, unity, neutrality, voluntary services and non-alignment. In the beginning the society was founded to help the wounded soldiers in the war but now it has extended its services in various sectors. Some of the works done by Red Cross Society are:</span><br /><ul><li><span style="font-size:100%;">To provide food, clothes and other basic things to the victims of natural calamities like flood, earthquakes, hurricane, etc.</span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;">To rehabilitate refugees and homeless.</span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;">To provide medical treatment and distribute medicines free of cost.</span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;">To run blood transfusion programmes by setting up blood banks.</span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;">To provide training on home management for women in remote villages of developing countries.</span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;">To keep the record of prisoners and missing people.</span></li></ul><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">Red Cross Society is funded either by the government grants or by voluntary contributions. The society also gives first aid training and looks after the physically challenged people. It also conducts rescue services.</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;"> Despite of being poor, Jean Henri served the poor and needy people for 15 years. Evaluating his great contributions, Jean Henri was rewarded the Nobel Prize in 1910 AD.</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;"> Nepal Red Cross Society was established in 1963 AD. Since then, it has been very active in providing its services to the needy people. The services rendered by Nepal Red Cross Society includes helping people during natural calamities like flood, earthquake, landslides, etc established blood banks, ambulance service, etc.</span><br /><br /><br /></div>prabinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12815453291932022109noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7796457420639526976.post-24770659237764545022010-04-12T02:31:00.000-07:002010-04-12T02:37:50.817-07:00ROLE OF SCOUT IN NEPAL<span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;"> Scout is an international social organization. Scout was founded by Baden Powell in 1907 AD with 20 members. Now, there are more than 16 millions members in 150 countries of the world including Nepal.</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;"> Baden Powell was a British army officer. Baden Powell fought in the war in South Africa. In that war Baden Powell protected the city of Mafikeng despite of his ill health and without food supply for a week. Baden Powell commanded his force against the Dutch settlers till the reinforcement arrived. Baden Powell trained the local warriors about the first aid, exchanged news and guarded sensitive places. It made him very popular in England. Later on, Baden Powell focused his attention towards the British children who were ill and jobless. They took alcohol and committed crimes. They had no sense of belongings to a nation. Baden Powell wanted to free them from such habits and inculcated in them the sense of responsibility, leadership and developed their talents. Baden Powell wanted to involve them in creative tasks to help those in need. Baden Powell wanted them to lead a life of duty towards themselves and others.</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;"> In 1907 AD, Baden Powell organized a camp in London for 20 boys and founded the Scout. In 1908 AD Baden Powell published a book “Scouting for Boys”. In other countries as well scout groups were formed with girl guides. In some countries, girl scouts are called guides. In Nepal, girls as well as boys are called “Scout”. The logo of the scout is its emblem.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:100%;" >Scout Activities</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;"> Scout activities are similar everywhere. However, each country has its own independent scout association. The scouts undergo an oath taking ceremony where they promise to abide by the scout law and serve their duty towards the nation and God. The scouts learn critical tasks in deserted places and involve in community services. Scout activities range from health and immunization programmes to building low-cost housing, planting trees, helping old and physically challenged people, creating awareness against drug abuses. It also gets involved in relief works to help victims of flood, earthquakes and other natural disasters.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:100%;" >Scout in Nepal</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;"> Nepal Scout was founded in 1953 AD. Its headquarters is at Lainchaur in Kathmandu. Scout has spread all over Nepal. Scout wears uniform with a scarf. The uniform may differ from one country to another. In Nepal girls wear frocks or green sarees. The boys wear dark brown pants and light brown shirts. Both tie scarf of different colours according to their company. In 1993 AD (2050 BS), the parliament passed the scout law to regulate its activities in Nepal.</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;"> Nepal Scouts are seen actively involved in controlling crowd, distributing drinking water during Scouts are seen actively functions, etc. Scout provides first aid facilities to the injured or wounded. Scout provides help during natural calamities like earthquake, landslides, flood, etc. Scout helps to spread awareness on various social issues through different programmes. The Scout participates in various community services like planting trees, drinking water, health and education, etc. They are given badges according to their proficiency. The well trained Scout remains happy throughout their life.<br /><br /><br /></span></div>prabinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12815453291932022109noreply@blogger.com7tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7796457420639526976.post-27617294916918027072010-04-10T23:13:00.000-07:002010-04-10T23:16:27.518-07:00NATIONAL DAYS OF NEPAL<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">The special days that people of Nepal celebrate national wide from government level to local level to relate various events such as great revolution, celebration of achievements, days dedicated to some special persons, etc are called National Days. Nepal has gone through several important changes in history. Accordingly, the government of Nepal has decided to observe several days as important landmarks in the history. </span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:100%;" >1. Children’s Day</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;"> 29th Bhadra is as Children’s Day. Children’s Day is the day when Nepal has signed and approved the protocol passed by UN Convention on Child Rights. On 1990 September 14th or 29th of Bhadra, Nepal has signed this protocol. So, to commemorate that day, Nepal started to observe 29th Bhadra as the Children’s Day from 2063 BS. Earlier, this day on 4th of Bhadra. Various programmes regarding children are conducted on Children’s Day. Nepal Children’s Organization and Bal Mandir organize various programmes throughout the country on that day.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:100%;" >2. Constitution Day</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;"> Constitution Day is observing when the existing constitution is promulgated. The present Interim Constitution of Nepal 2063 was promulgated and implemented on 1st Magh 2063. So Constitution Day is observed as the Constitution Day.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:100%;" >3. Martyrs’ Day</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;"> Every year on 16th of Magh Nepalese people observe Martyrs’ Day. They observe Martyrs’ Day in the memory of four martyrs named Shukra Raj Shastri, Dharma Bhakta Mathema, Ganga Lal Shrestha and Dashrath Chand and others who sacrified their life to end the autocratic Rana regime and established democracy in Nepal. Kathmandu Metropolitan City celebrates Martyrs’ Day for seven days. To commemorate the contribution of those martyrs, Sahid Gate was made with the statues of four martyrs near Tundikhel, Kathmandu. Political leaders, ministres, government officers and common people go to Shaid Gate and offer garland and flower to the statue of the martyrs to pay respect to them on Martyrs’ Day. People also go to Sahid Smarak at Lainchaur to pay homage to the martyrs.</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;"> Similarly, people go to the Pachali Teku where Shukra Raj Shastri was hanged, to Shiphal where Dharma Bhakta was executed and to shobha Bhagvati where Dashrath Chand and Ganga Lal were shot dead, to pay homage. People also remember and pay tribute to those who sacrificed their life during the people’s Movement of 2046 and 2062/63 BS.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:100%;" >4. Democracy Day</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;"> The Rana rule was ended and democracy was introduced on 7th Falgun 2007 BS. To remember that day, every year on 7th of Falgun, Nepalese people observe Democracy Day.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:100%;" >5. Loktantra Day</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;"> After the success of people’s Movement II, king has returned all the state power and sovereignty to the people on 11th Baisakh 2063 BS. So to remember Loktantra Day every year they observe Loktantra Day on 11th Baisakh.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:100%;" >6. Education Day</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;"> Every year on World Literacy Day Nepalese People observe Education Day in Nepal. Education Day falls on 8th September. Those who have given great contribution in the field of education are awarded by various prizes on this day. Similarly, who has done Ph.D., topped in Masters, Bachelor and other levels are given medals by the head of the state.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:100%;" >7. International Women’s Day</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;"> Every year on 8th March International Women’s Day is celebrated. The women civil servants are given holiday in government offices on International Women’s Day. Various programmes are organized to aware the people about the woman’s education, their rights and equal opportunity to them.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:100%;" >8. International Labour Day</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;"> Every year, May 1st is celebrated as International Labour Day. International Labour Day is also called Mai Diwas. Nepal has started International Labour Day after the establishment of Loktantra in 2063BS.</span><br /><br /><br /></div>prabinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12815453291932022109noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7796457420639526976.post-85822077680235784662010-04-10T23:09:00.000-07:002010-04-26T01:19:23.705-07:00CLASSICAL AND FOLlK DANCES OF NEPAL<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Dance will be incomplete without song and song will be incomplete without music. So, song, music and dance are interrelated with each other. The dance which represents the highest standard without a long-established from is classical dance or the dances which have been practiced since ancient times is called classical dance. A traditional dance of a particular people or area is called folk dance. Classical dance is performed according to classical music whereas folk dance is performed according to folk music. The examples of some classical and folk dances are given below:</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Dhan Naach:</span> Dhan Naach folk dance is practiced among the Limbu community. Some people of Rai community also perform this dance. The youths of Limbu community perform this dance holding each other’s hand during any Mela-Parba. The song sung with this dance is called Palam.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Chandi Naach:</span> The Rai community performs this dance playing Dhola-Jhyamta and singing Chandi song during the festival of Udhyauli and Ubhauli.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Dandi (Fagu) Naach:</span> Dandi (Fagu) Naach dance is performed by using sticks during Holy in the central and eastern teari. </span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Gauna Nritya:</span> Gauna Nritya is the dance based on Mithila tradition and is performed in Janakpur.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Kaura Naach:</span> Kaura Naach dance is performed along with Kaura song and and is practiced among the Magar community of Western Development Region. </span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Madikhole Naach:</span> Madikhole Naach is practiced in Mid-Western region of Nepal.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Deuda Naach:</span> Deuda Naach dance is practiced in Mid-Western and Far-Western region and the dance is performed is groups holding each other’s hand in a circle.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Mundhum Naach:</span> Mundhum is the holy book of Kirants and the dance based on Mundhum is called Mundhum dance. Mundhum Naach is practiced in hill regions of Eastern Nepal. </span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Chyabrung:</span> Chyabrung dance is also practiced among the Limbu community in the hill regions of Eastern Nepal. The dance is performed according to the tune of Chyabrung.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Hopcha:</span> Hopcha is the traditional classical dance of Rai community and is mostly practiced in Dhankuta.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Charya Nritya:</span> Charya Nritya dance is practiced in Kathmandu and presents the dance of Gods and Goddesses.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Ghatu Nritya:</span> Ghatu Nritya is practised among the Gurung community of Gandaki zone. The unmarried girls of 11 to 19 years age perform it. The teacher (Guruba/Guruaama) makes entire of God to the body of girls through Tantra-mantra and the girls dance.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Bhairav Nritra:</span> Bhairav Nritra dance is practiced in Kathmandu and Pokhara. People dance wearing the clothes and masks of Bhairav.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Sorathi Nritya:</span> Sorathi Nritya is the traditional classical dance of Gurung community.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Hanuman Nritya:</span> Hanuman Nritya is practiced in Baglung. People disguise themselves as Hanuman and dance.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Charitra Nritya:</span> Charitra Nritya dance is performed acting about the people of ancient stories and it is practiced in the terai reason.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Maruni Naach:</span> Maruni Naach dance is performed by the men wearing the dress of women. Maruni Naach is practiced in the Eastern hills of Nepal. </span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Khyali Naach:</span> Khyali Naach dance is performed on the basic of Khyali song. Khyali Naach is also called Pangdure dance.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Taraware Naach:</span> Taraware Naach is the traditional folk dance of Gandarva community.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Chhokara Naach: </span>Chhokara Naach is practiced in the Far-western region of Nepal.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Singaru Naach:</span> Singaru Naach is practiced in the Mid-Western region.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Hudkeli Nritya:</span> Hudkeli Nritya dance is performed on the basic of mythological stories and practiced in the Far-western region of Nepal.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Pancha Buddha Nritya:</span> Pancha Buddha Nritya is the traditional dance based on Buddihism.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Devi Naach:</span> Devi Naach dance is performed from Gai Jatra to Indra Jatra in Kathmandu. Devi Naach is the special dance of Bhaktapur.</span><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /></div>prabinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12815453291932022109noreply@blogger.com2